Arctic Connection to India's Monsoon and Climate

ARCTIC:INDIA’S EXPANDING ENGAGEMENT -SIMPLIFIER

1. HOW IS THE ARCTIC CONNECTED TO INDIA’S MONSOON AND CLIMATE?

• Climate Linkages: India’s monsoon is linked to the Arctic through atmospheric phenomena such as the atmospheric river. The melting of Arctic sea ice disrupts weather patterns, contributing to extreme weather events and irregular monsoons in India.

• Carbon Sink and Climate Stabilization: The Arctic acts as a major carbon sink, holding about 1.5 trillion metric tonnes of organic carbon, which is critical for global climate stability. As the Arctic warms at four times the global average rate, melting ice and thawing permafrost release potent greenhouse gases, exacerbating climate change impacts in India and beyond.

2. WHAT ARE THE ECONOMIC INTERESTS OF INDIA IN THE ARCTIC?

• Resource Exploration: The Arctic holds significant reserves of oil, gas, and minerals. As the ice recedes, these resources become more accessible, presenting opportunities for India to diversify its energy sources.

• Shipping Routes: The opening of the Northern Sea Route (NSR) shortens the maritime distance between Europe and Asia, reducing shipping costs, fuel consumption, and transit times. This development aligns with India’s strategic interest in enhancing trade competitiveness.

• Winter Expedition: In December 2023, India launched its first winter expedition in the Arctic, marking a significant milestone in its engagement. Four Indian climate scientists participated in this mission, enduring harsh conditions such as -15°C temperatures and extended polar nights. This expedition expanded India’s research capabilities beyond summer missions, enabling year-round data collection crucial for understanding Arctic climate dynamics.

3. WHAT ARE THE GEOPOLITICAL DIMENSIONS OF INDIA’S ARCTIC ENGAGEMENT?

• Balancing Global Powers: India’s involvement in the Arctic is influenced by geopolitical tensions among major powers like Russia, China, and the US. China’s increased investments and Russia’s strategic alliances in the Arctic raise concerns for India, especially as these developments could impact Arctic governance and regional security.

• Historic Engagement: India’s connection to the Arctic dates back to the Svalbard Treaty of 1920. India’s active presence in Arctic research began in 2007, followed by the establishment of the Himadri research station in 2008, making India one of the few developing countries with a research base in the region.

• Strategic Partnerships: India maintains a balanced approach to the Arctic, collaborating with Western countries on climate research while sustaining its traditional ties with Russia. India’s ability to navigate these dynamics is crucial for its strategic interests in the region.

4. WHAT ARE THE SIX PILLARS OF INDIA’S ARCTIC POLICY?

1. Scientific Research and Cooperation: Focus on expanding India’s scientific presence and collaboration with Arctic nations to enhance research on climate change, biodiversity, and oceanography.

2. Climate and Environmental Protection: Commitment to sustainable environmental practices, emphasizing the need to mitigate climate change impacts and preserve Arctic ecosystems.

3. Economic and Human Development: Leveraging Arctic resources for economic benefits while promoting sustainable development practices that do not harm the fragile Arctic environment.

4. Transportation and Connectivity: Developing shipping routes like the NSR to enhance global trade connectivity and reduce transit times between Europe and Asia.

5. Governance and International Cooperation: Active participation in Arctic governance frameworks, including the Arctic Council, to shape policies and practices that align with global environmental standards.

6. National Capacity Building: Strengthening India’s capabilities in polar research, enhancing infrastructure, and training personnel to support its growing Arctic ambitions.

5. WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR INDIA IN THE ARCTIC?

• Challenges:

• Extreme Conditions: Missions in the Arctic, especially in winter, present challenges such as severe cold, polar nights, and logistical difficulties.

• Balancing Economic and Environmental Interests: India faces the challenge of pursuing resource exploration without compromising the fragile Arctic ecosystem.

• Geopolitical Tensions: Rising tensions in the Arctic, particularly between Western countries and Russia, create complexities for India’s diplomatic and strategic positioning.

• Opportunities:

• Enhanced Scientific Collaboration: Partnerships with Arctic nations like Norway, Denmark, and Finland provide India with access to advanced research facilities and climate data.

• Economic Gains: Utilizing Arctic shipping routes and responsibly accessing resources offer potential economic benefits, aligning with India’s broader trade and energy diversification goals.

• Global Climate Leadership: India’s responsible stakeholder approach in the Arctic enhances its credibility in global climate diplomacy, supporting sustainable and science-based policies.

SYNOPSIS

India’s expanding engagement in the Arctic encompasses climate science, economic opportunities, and strategic diplomacy. With its recent winter expedition and comprehensive Arctic Policy, India aims to balance resource exploration with environmental stewardship, positioning itself as a key player in Arctic governance.

QUOTATION FOR ASPIRING CIVIL SERVANTS

“True stewardship of our planet involves making choices today that safeguard the most fragile ecosystems for tomorrow.”

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